Association of largest meal timing and eating frequency with body mass index and obesity.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The circadian pattern of eating behaviors has garnered increasing interest as a strategy for obesity prevention and weight loss. It is believed that the benefits stem from aligning food intake with the body's natural daily rhythms. However, the existing body of evidence is limited in scale and scope and there has been insufficient evaluation of temporal eating behaviors, such as the specific time of day in which the highest calorie consumption occurs, meal frequency, and distribution. This research aims to explore the association between the timing of the largest meal of the day and eating frequency with Body Mass Index (BMI) and obesity. METHODS: Participants (n = 2050, 18-65y) were part of an exploratory cross-sectional and population-based research, with data collection in a virtual environment. Linear regression analyses and restricted cubic splines evaluated differences in BMI associated with independent eating variables [timing of the largest meal, number of meals/day (as continuous and categorical: ≤3 or >3/day), and each largest meal of the day (breakfast/lunch/dinner)]. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess Odds Ratios (OR) and 95 % Confidence Intervals (CI) of obesity associated with the same independent variables. RESULTS: Our main findings were that the timing of the largest meal and reporting dinner as the largest meal were associated with higher values of BMI (respectively, 0.07 kg/m2 and 0.85 kg/m2) and increased odds of obesity [respectively OR(95%CI):1.04(1.01,1.08), and OR(95%CI):1.67(1.18,2.38)]. Those who realized more than 3 meals/day presented lower values of BMI (-0.14 kg/m2) and 32 % lower odds of having obesity [OR(95%CI):0.68(0.52,0.89)]. Reporting lunch as the largest meal also protected against obesity [OR(95%CI):0.71(0.54,0.93)]. These associations were statistically significant and independent of sex, age, marital status, education level, diet quality, sleep duration, and weekly frequency of physical exercise. CONCLUSION: Having the largest meal earlier in the day, concentrating the majority of caloric intake during lunch, and consuming more than three meals a day, may present a promising intervention for preventing and treating obesity/overweight.

Association between sleep duration and latency, nocturnal awakenings, and body mass index among infants / Associação entre duração e latência do sono, despertares noturnos e índice de massa corporal de lactentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency with body mass index (BMI) at six and 12 months of age. Methods: 179 children from a birth cohort were enrolled. At six and 12 months of age, anthropometric data were obtained using standardized techniques and infants' mothers answered the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire for sleep data. The association of BMI with the independent variables (sleep duration, latency, and nocturnal awakenings) was assessed by linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and a p-value<0.05 was adopted to define statistical significance. Results: For each additional hour of sleep duration, BMI was reduced by 0.15 kg/m² (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.28; -0.01; p=0.03) and each additional minute of sleep latency increased BMI by 0.01 kg/m² (95%CI -0.00; 0.03; p=0.02). These associations were independent of gestational age, child sex, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, smoking during pregnancy, and mother's BMI, education, and marital status. Nocturnal awakenings showed no association with the outcome. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep latency time are associated with BMI in the first year of life. Insights into the influence of sleep early in life on weight status may be helpful to complement future nutritional recommendations and prevent and treat obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre duração do sono, despertares noturnos e latência do sono com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) aos seis e 12 meses de idade. Métodos: foram incluídas 179 crianças de uma coorte de nascimentos. Aos seis e 12 meses de idade, dados antropométricos foram obtidos por meio de técnicas padronizadas e as mães dos lactentes responderam ao Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire para dados do sono. A associação do IMC com as variáveis independentes (duração do sono, latência e despertares noturnos) foi avaliada por modelos de regressão linear. As análises foram ajustadas para potenciais fatores de confusão e o p-valor<0,05 foi adotado para definir a significância estatística. Resultados: Para cada hora adicional de duração do sono, o IMC foi reduzido em 0,15 kg/m² (intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0,28; -0,01; p=0,03) e cada minuto adicional no tempo de latência resultou em aumento de 0,01 kg/m² (IC95% -0,00; 0,03; p=0,02) no IMC. Essas associações foram independentes da idade gestacional, sexo da criança, peso ao nascer, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo, tabagismo durante a gravidez e IMC, escolaridade e estado civil da mãe. Os despertares noturnos não apresentaram associação com o desfecho. Conclusões: Nossos achados sugerem que a duração e a latência do sono estão associadas ao IMC no primeiro ano de vida. Informações sobre a influência do sono no início da vida sobre o status do peso podem ser úteis para complementar futuras recomendações nutricionais e prevenir e tratar a obesidade.

Association between sleep duration and latency, nocturnal awakenings, and body mass index among infants.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency with body mass index (BMI) at six and 12 months of age. METHODS: 179 children from a birth cohort were enrolled. At six and 12 months of age, anthropometric data were obtained using standardized techniques and infants' mothers answered the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire for sleep data. The association of BMI with the independent variables (sleep duration, latency, and nocturnal awakenings) was assessed by linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and a p-value<0.05 was adopted to define statistical significance. RESULTS: For each additional hour of sleep duration, BMI was reduced by 0.15 kg/m² (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.28; -0.01; p=0.03) and each additional minute of sleep latency increased BMI by 0.01 kg/m² (95%CI -0.00; 0.03; p=0.02). These associations were independent of gestational age, child sex, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, smoking during pregnancy, and mother's BMI, education, and marital status. Nocturnal awakenings showed no association with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep latency time are associated with BMI in the first year of life. Insights into the influence of sleep early in life on weight status may be helpful to complement future nutritional recommendations and prevent and treat obesity.

Beyond sleep duration: Sleep timing is associated with BMI among Brazilian adults.

Objectives: To examine the association of sleep duration and timing with BMI among adults. Also, to identify obesogenic and unhealthy behaviors (e.g.diet/sleep quality, physical activity, screen time, smoking) associated with short sleep duration and late bedtime. Participants: Participants (n=755) were part of exploratory, population-based research, with data collection in a virtual environment. Methods: For purposes of characterizing the population we considered short sleepers<7h/night, and the population bedtime median was used to stratify participants into early and late sleepers (before and after 23:08). Student's t-test and chi-square test were performed to assess differences in characteristics between groups. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the association of sleep duration, bedtime, and wake-up time with BMI. Quantile regression was estimated for the 25th, 50th, and 75th quantiles to identify the distributional correlations between BMI and sleep variables. Restricted cubic splines were also used to study the shape of the association between sleep-BMI. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounding variables. Results: BMI decreased by 0.40Kg/m2 for each additional hour of sleep duration [95%CI=-0.68,-0.12,p=0.005] and increased by 0.37 kg/m2 for each additional hour of bedtime [95%CI=0.12,0.61,p=0.003]. The association between bedtime and BMI remained even after adjustment for sleep duration. These effects were higher and stronger with higher BMI values (p75th). Wake-up time did not show statistically significant associations. Conclusions: Because we found that beyond sleep duration, bedtime was significantly associated with BMI, our data reflect the pertinence of assessing sleep timing patterns in disentangling sleep-obesity association. Insights into the characteristics, obesogenic and unhealthy behaviors related to short and late sleep may support specific strategies to prevent and treat excess body adiposity and other negative health outcomes.

Breakfast skipping and timing of lunch and dinner: Relationship with BMI and obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breakfast-skipping, late-lunch, and late-dinner eating are cross-sectionally associated with higher BMI and obesity. Also, to identify obesogenic behaviors and circadian-related variables, associated with late eating. METHODS: Participants(n = 776) were part of exploratory, population-based research, with data collection in a virtual environment. They were grouped into breakfast-eaters (first meal until 10:00) and skippers (first meal after 10:00), and the population median for the lunch and dinner timing was used to stratify participants into early (lunch/dinner-time before 12:34/20:55) and late (lunch/dinner-time after 12:34/20:55) eaters. Student's t-test and chi-square test were performed to assess differences in characteristics and lifestyle traits between groups. Logistic regression models were used to assess differences in obesity between groups. Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the association of the clock time of meals with BMI. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders variables. RESULTS: BMI raised of 0.74 Kg/m2 for each additional hour of lunch-time [95 %CI= 0.31;1.18,P ≤ 0.001]. Breakfast-skippers [OR(95 % CI):1.84(1.02;3.31);P ≤ 0.05] and late-lunch eaters [OR(95 % CI):1.61(1.04;2.49),P ≤ 0.05] had higher odds of having obesity, compared with breakfast-eaters and early-lunch eaters, respectively. These associations were independent of age, gender, diet quality, physical activity duration, and region. No statistically significant differences were found in the comparison between early and late-dinner eaters. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that skipping breakfast and eating late-lunch are associated with BMI and higher odds of having obesity. Insights into the obesogenic behaviors/characteristics related to breakfast-skipping and late-eating may be helpful for future nutritional recommendations and obesity prevention and treatment.

Consumo de alimentos açucarados e qualidade do sono no primeiro ano de vida: dados de uma coorte de nascimentos no nordeste do Brasil / Consumo de alimentos azucarados y calidad del sueño en el primer año de vida: datos de una cohorte de nacimiento en el noreste de Brasil / Consumption of sugary foods and quality of sleep in the first year of life: data from a birth cohort in northeastern Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a duração do sono (DS), a frequência de despertares noturnos (DN) e o consumo de alimentos açucarados no primeiro ano de vida e verificar a associação entre o consumo desses alimentos e a má qualidade do sono. Métodos: a população do estudo foi composta de 179 crianças integrantes de uma coorte de nascimentos de Rio Largo-AL. As mães foram questionadas sobre a oferta regular de alimentos açucarados (açúcar/farinhas de cereais instantâneas com açúcar/bebidas açucaradas/doces) e o sono foi investigado pelo questionário traduzido e validado Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Foram considerados indicadores de má qualidade do sono DS<12h e DN>2. Os testes de qui-quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher foram adotados para verificar associações entre o consumo de açucarados e a má qualidade do sono aos seis e 12 meses (p<0,05). Resultados: mais da metade das crianças apresentou DS<1 2h (60,3%) e cerca de » DN>2. O consumo regular de pelo menos uma das categorias de açucarados foi verificado entre 50,6, 91,1 e 100% das crianças aos três, seis e 12 meses de idade, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas associações entre o consumo desses alimentos e os indicadores de má qualidade de sono. Conclusão: o consumo de açucarados e a má qualidade de sono foram frequentes em nosso estudo, no entanto, não se identificou associação entre as variáveis. Mais investigações são necessárias para elucidar como o sono e a alimentação se inter-relacionam e se potencializam mutuamente como fatores determinantes do crescimento e desenvolvimento de lactentes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar la duración del sueño (DS), la frecuencia de despertares nocturnos (DN) y el consumo de alimentos azucarados en el primer año de vida y verificar la asociación entre el consumo de estos alimentos y la mala calidad del sueño. Métodos: la población de estudio consistió en 179 niños de una cohorte de nacimiento en Rio Largo-AL. Se preguntó a las madres sobre el suministro regular de alimentos azucarados (azúcar / harinas de cereales instantáneas con azúcar / bebidas endulzadas / dulces) y se investigó el sueño mediante el cuestionario traducido y validado BriefInfantSleepQuestionnaire. Fueron considerados indicadores de mala calidad del sueño DS <12h y DN> 2. Se utilizaron las pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y exacta de Fisher para verificar las asociaciones entre el consumo de azúcar y la mala calidad del sueño a los seis y 12 meses (p <0.05). Resultados: más de la mitad de los niños tenían DS <1 2 h (60,3%) y alrededor de » DN> 2. Se verificó el consumo regular de al menos una de las categorías azucaradas entre el 50,6, el 91,1 y el 100% de los niños a los tres, seis y 12 meses de edad, respectivamente. No se encontraron asociaciones entre el consumo de estos alimentos y los indicadores de mala calidad del sueño. Conclusión: el consumo de azucarados y la mala calidad del sueño fueron frecuentes en nuestro estudio, sin embargo, no se identificó asociación entre las variables. Se necesita más investigación para dilucidar cómo el sueño y la alimentación se interrelacionan y se mejoran mutuamente como determinantes del crecimiento y desarrollo infantil.

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate sleep duration (SD), frequency of night awakenings (NA) and consumption of sugary foods in the first year of life and to verify the association between consumption of these foods and poor sleep quality. Methods: the study population consisted of 179 children from a birth cohort in Rio Largo-AL. Mothers were asked about the regular supply of sugary foods (sugar/instant cereal flours with sugar/sweetened drinks/sweets) and sleep was investigated by the translated and validated Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. DS<12h and AN>2 were considered indicators of poor sleep quality. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to verify associations between sugary consumption and poor sleep quality at six and 12 months (p<0.05). Results: more than half of the children had SD<1 2h (60.3%) and about » AN>2. Regular consumption of at least one of the sugary categories was verified among 50.6, 91.1 and 100% of children at three, six and 12 months of age, respectively. No associations were found between the consumption of these foods and indicators of poor sleep quality. Conclusion: sugary consumption and poor sleep quality were frequent in our study; however, no association was identified between the variables. More investigations are needed to elucidate how sleep and feeding are interrelated and mutually potentiate as determinants of infant growth and development.

Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares: tendência do consumo de alimentos tradicionais, 2002-2018 / Brazilian household survey: trend in traditional foods consumption, 2002-2018

Descrever a evolução de consumo de alimentos tradicionais e da cesta básica brasileira entre 2002 e 2018. Série temporal do consumo de alimentos tradicionais e da cesta básica brasileira com base nos dados das três últimas Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares. A tendência da aquisição alimentar domiciliar per capita anual dos alimentos foi analisada segundo os períodos estudados e as regiões brasileiras. Houve diminuição da aquisição alimentar domiciliar de todos os itens da cesta básica, exceto a manteiga (8,3%). As maiores reduções observadas foram: farinha de mandioca (-69,9%), farinha de trigo (-56,1%) e feijão (-52,3%). Na região Sul ocorreu a maior queda percentual de aquisição de feijão (-56,1%), e o Norte se destacou pela redução acentuada do consumo de carnes (-32,1%) e leites (-57,2%). A diminuição observada no consumo de alimentos tradicionais pode sinalizar possíveis prejuízos à saúde dos indivíduos e perda da identidade cultural alimentar brasileira.

The evolution of consumption of traditional foods and Brazilian basic food basket between 2002 and 2018 is described through a time series of consumption of traditional food and Brazilian basic food basket based on data from Brazilian household surveys. Trend of annual per capita household food acquisition of food was analyzed according to the studied periods and regions in Brazil. Results reveal there was a decrease in household food acquisition of all items in the basic food basket, except butter (8.3%). Greatest reduction rates comprised cassava flour (-69.9%), wheat flour (-56.1%) and beans (-52.3%). In the southern region highest percentage decrease rate comprised the acquisition of beans (-56.1%), whilst in the northern region a sharp reduction in meat (-32.1%) and milk consumption (-57.2%) may be underscored. Decrease in the consumption of traditional foods by the population may detect possible damage to the health of individuals and loss of the Brazilian food culture.

Weight gain and changes in nutritional status of Brazilian adults after 20 years of age: a time-trend analysis (2006-2012). / Ganho de peso e mudança do estado nutricional de brasileiros após os 20 anos de idade: uma análise de série temporal (2006-2012).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze weight gain (WG) and change in nutritional status (NS) after the age of 20 years in the Brazilian adult population between 2006 and 2012. METHODS: Time series using seven surveys from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). The analyses were stratified by region, age, sex and education, considering the sampling weights and complex design. In addition, relative weight change (RWC) in the period was determined for each category of independent variables using linear regression models. RESULTS: Analyses showed an increase in WG after 20 years in two vectors: by survey year and age group, where the increase was higher in women. From 2006 to 2012, individuals 25-29 years old (women: RWC = 70%; ßyear = 0.54 kg/year) and 30-34 years old (women: RWC = 56%; ßyear = 0.57 kg/year) showed greater RWC. In 2012, the higher WG occurred in the age groups of 21-24 and 25-29 years old. Regarding the change in NS, individuals who were overweight at 20 years had a higher probability of remaining in this condition (or shifting to obesity) over time. However, among those who had a normal weight, the probability of not becoming overweight or obese was > 80%, independently of sex. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian population displayed progressive WG in adulthood, especially in the first decade after the age of 20, in addition to the period effect. On the other hand, individuals with normal weight in their 20s tended to maintain the same condition.

Ganho de peso e mudança do estado nutricional de brasileiros após os 20 anos de idade: uma análise de série temporal (2006-2012) / Weight gain and changes in nutritional status of Brazilian adults after 20 years of age: a time-trend analysis (2006-2012)

RESUMO: Objetivos: Analisar o ganho de peso (GP) e a mudança do estado nutricional (EN) após os 20 anos de idade na população brasileira entre os anos de 2006 e 2012. Metodologia: Série temporal com base em sete inquéritos transversais do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL). As análises foram estratificadas por região, faixa etária, sexo e escolaridade, considerando-se o plano e a ponderação amostral. Ainda, estimou-se a variação ponderal relativa (VPR) no período para os estratos analisados por meio de modelos de regressão linear. Resultados: Identificaram-se dois vetores de aumento no GP após os 20 anos de idade: ano do inquérito e faixa etária, que foram mais expressivos entre as mulheres. Entre 2006 e 2012, as faixas etárias que apresentaram a maior variação temporal foram de 25-29 (mulheres: VPR = 70%; βano = 0,54 kg/ano) e 30-34 anos (mulheres: VPR = 56%; βano = 0,57 kg/ano). Em 2012, o maior aumento de GP ocorreu nas faixas etárias de 21-24 e 25-29 anos. Quanto à mudança de EN, indivíduos que apresentavam excesso de peso aos 20 anos tiveram maior probabilidade de permanecer nessa condição (ou migrar do sobrepeso para obesidade) com o avançar da idade. Contudo, entre os que eram eutróficos, a probabilidade de permanecer com o mesmo EN foi > 80%, independentemente do sexo. Conclusão: Além do efeito do tempo, a população brasileira apresentou progressivo GP no decorrer da fase adulta, sobretudo na primeira década após os 20 anos. Por outro lado, indivíduos eutróficos aos 20 anos tenderam a permanecer nessa condição.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze weight gain (WG) and change in nutritional status (NS) after the age of 20 years in the Brazilian adult population between 2006 and 2012. Methods: Time series using seven surveys from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). The analyses were stratified by region, age, sex and education, considering the sampling weights and complex design. In addition, relative weight change (RWC) in the period was determined for each category of independent variables using linear regression models. Results: Analyses showed an increase in WG after 20 years in two vectors: by survey year and age group, where the increase was higher in women. From 2006 to 2012, individuals 25-29 years old (women: RWC = 70%; βyear = 0.54 kg/year) and 30-34 years old (women: RWC = 56%; βyear = 0.57 kg/year) showed greater RWC. In 2012, the higher WG occurred in the age groups of 21-24 and 25-29 years old. Regarding the change in NS, individuals who were overweight at 20 years had a higher probability of remaining in this condition (or shifting to obesity) over time. However, among those who had a normal weight, the probability of not becoming overweight or obese was > 80%, independently of sex. Conclusion: The Brazilian population displayed progressive WG in adulthood, especially in the first decade after the age of 20, in addition to the period effect. On the other hand, individuals with normal weight in their 20s tended to maintain the same condition.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Brazilian Adult Population: National Health Survey - 2013.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, population-based researches analyzing prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), a recognized predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and an important cause of disability and death in the country are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prevalence of MS and its associated factors in Brazilian population. METHODS: Secondary analysis of the 2013 National Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey with national representativeness of Brazilian adult population (n = 59,402). MS was the outcome variable, defined from harmonization of cardiology international consensus as load ≥ 3 of the following components: self-reported diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and high waist circumference. Analysis were stratified by sex and prevalence ratios, with their respective 99% confidence intervals (PR [CI 99%]) calculated by simple and multiple Poisson regression models. RESULTS: MS prevalence was 8.9%, being significantly higher among women compared to men; in general, this pattern was maintained in relation to exposure variables studied. Additionally, less than 25% of population did not present any MS component. In final multiple models, sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidity variables were associated with MS, however, while low schooling (1.46 [1.23-1.74], cerebrovascular accident (1.36 [1], 00] (1.28 [1.03-1.62]) were associated among women, chronic renal failure (1.85 [2.23-2.76]) was associated exclusively among men. CONCLUSION: We identified MS high prevalence in Brazilian population; on the other hand, factors associated with this condition were different depending on sex.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Brazilian Adult Population: National Health Survey - 2013 / Prevalência e Fatores Associados com a Síndrome Metabólica na População Adulta Brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - 2013

Abstract Background: In Brazil, population-based researches analyzing prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), a recognized predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and an important cause of disability and death in the country are scarce. Objective: To evaluate prevalence of MS and its associated factors in Brazilian population. Methods: Secondary analysis of the 2013 National Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey with national representativeness of Brazilian adult population (n = 59,402). MS was the outcome variable, defined from harmonization of cardiology international consensus as load ≥ 3 of the following components: self-reported diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and high waist circumference. Analysis were stratified by sex and prevalence ratios, with their respective 99% confidence intervals (PR [CI 99%]) calculated by simple and multiple Poisson regression models. Results: MS prevalence was 8.9%, being significantly higher among women compared to men; in general, this pattern was maintained in relation to exposure variables studied. Additionally, less than 25% of population did not present any MS component. In final multiple models, sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidity variables were associated with MS, however, while low schooling (1.46 [1.23-1.74], cerebrovascular accident (1.36 [1], 00] (1.28 [1.03-1.62]) were associated among women, chronic renal failure (1.85 [2.23-2.76]) was associated exclusively among men. Conclusion: We identified MS high prevalence in Brazilian population; on the other hand, factors associated with this condition were different depending on sex.

Resumo Fundamento: No Brasil, são escassas as investigações de base populacional analisando a prevalência e os fatores associados à síndrome metabólica (SM), reconhecida preditora de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), importante causa de invalidez e morte no país. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência da SM e seus fatores associados na população brasileira. Métodos: Análise secundária da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013, inquérito transversal com representatividade nacional da população adulta brasileira (n = 59.402). A variável de desfecho foi a SM, definida a partir da harmonização dos consensos internacionais de cardiologia como carga ≥ 3 dos seguintes componentes: diabetes e hipercolesterolemia autorreferidas, pressão arterial elevada e circunferência da cintura elevada. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo e as razões de prevalência, com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 99% (RP[IC99%]), foram calculadas por meio de modelos regressão simples e múltiplos de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de SM foi 8,9%, sendo significativamente maior entre as mulheres em comparação aos homens; de modo geral, tal padrão manteve-se em relação as variáveis de exposição estudadas. Adicionalmente, menos de 25% da população não apresentou qualquer componente de SM. Nos modelos múltiplos finais, variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de comorbidades se associaram à SM, porém, enquanto a baixa escolaridade (1,46[1,23-1,74]), acidente vascular cerebral (1,36[1,00-1,86]) e outras DCV (1,29[1,03-1,62]) se associaram entre as mulheres, a insuficiência renal crônica (1,85[2,23-2,76]) se associou exclusivamente entre os homens. Conclusão: Identificamos elevada prevalência de SM na população brasileira, sendo que os fatores associados a essa condição são distintos em função do sexo.

Factors associated with regular consumption of obesogenic foods: National School-Based Student Health Hurvey, 2012 / Fatores associados ao consumo regular de alimentos obesogênicos: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2012

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the frequency of consumption of obesogenic foods among adolescents and its association with sociodemographic, family, behavioral, and environmental variables. Methods: Secondary data from the National School-Based Student Health Hurvey were analyzed from a representative sample of 9th grade Brazilian students (high school). A self-administered questionnaire, organized into thematic blocks, was used. The dependent variables were the consumption of deep fried snacks, packaged snacks, sugar candies, and soft drinks; consumption frequency for the seven days preceding the study was analyzed. Bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the empirical relationship between the regular consumption of these foods (≥3 days/week) with sociodemographic, family, behavioral, and school structural variables. p-value <0.20 was used as the criterion for initial inclusion in the multivariate logistic analysis, which was conducted using the "Enter" method, and the results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval and p<0.05 indicating a statistically significance. Results: Regular food consumption ranged from 27.17% to 65.96%. The variables female gender, mobile phone ownership, Internet access at home, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, regular physical activity, eating while watching television or studying, watching television for at least 2 hours a day, and not willing to lose weight were associated in the final logistic models of all foods analyzed. Conclusion: It was concluded that fried snacks, packaged snacks, sugar candies, and soft drinks are regularly consumed by adolescents and that such consumption was associated with the sociodemographic, family, behavioral, and school structural variables.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a frequência de consumo de alimentos obesogênicos entre adolescentes e sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares, comportamentais e ambientais. Métodos: Estudou-se dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, sendo a amostra representativa de alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas brasileiras. Utilizou-se questionário autoaplicável organizado em blocos temáticos. Foram consideradas variáveis dependentes o consumo de salgados fritos, salgadinhos de pacote, guloseimas e refrigerantes, cuja frequência se referiu aos sete dias anteriores à pesquisa. Para associação do consumo regular dos alimentos (≥3 dias/semana) às variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares, comportamentais e estruturais da escola, foi utilizada análise bivariada, adotando-se o critério de valor de p<0,20 para inclusão inicial na análise de regressão logística multivariada, a qual foi realizada pelo método "enter". Os resultados foram expressos por Odds Ratio ajustados com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, considerando associação estatisticamente significativa o valor de p<0,05. Resultados: O consumo regular dos alimentos variou de 27,17% a 65,96%. Sexo feminino, posse de telefone celular, acesso à Internet no domicílio, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, prática regular de atividade física, hábito de comer assistindo televisão ou estudando, assistir televisão no mínimo duas horas/dia e ausência de atitude visando perda de peso foram as variáveis que se associaram nos modelos logísticos finais de todos os alimentos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o consumo de salgados fritos, salgadinhos de pacote, guloseimas e refrigerantes é regular na dieta dos adolescentes, estando seu consumo associado a variáveis sociodemográficas, familiares, comportamentais e de estrutura escolar.